Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7327 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and October 01, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 9.49% are Black/African American, 19.05% are LatinX, and 29.19% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 1916)\)
  • No \((N = 4338)\)
  • Didn’t Qualify \((N = 870)\)
  • Intend to apply \((N = 184)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.55 .457
Intend to apply 0.25 .614
No 4.94 .026
Yes 2.88 .089

West

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.74 .388
Intend to apply 0.00 .972
No 2.31 .128
Yes 1.16 .282

Northeast

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.10 .748
Intend to apply 1.10 .295
No 0.63 .426
Yes 0.57 .452

Midwest

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.05 .826
Intend to apply 0.01 .905
No 0.03 .854
Yes 0.01 .931

Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 3.43 .064
Intend to apply 12.71 < .001
No 33.40 < .001
Yes 42.89 < .001

LatinX

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.07 .798
Intend to apply 0.52 .470
No 5.80 .016
Yes 4.73 .030

Low income

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 28.94 < .001
Intend to apply 15.16 < .001
No 672.92 < .001
Yes 997.87 < .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 37.04 < .001
Intend to apply 18.15 < .001
No 767.43 < .001
Yes 1080.29 < .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 30.25 < .001
Intend to apply 26.41 < .001
No 681.90 < .001
Yes 1006.09 < .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 32.08 < .001
Intend to apply 17.10 .001
No 681.82 < .001
Yes 1011.29 < .001

Income by South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 32.08 < .001
Intend to apply 17.10 .001
No 681.82 < .001
Yes 1011.29 < .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Health/Medical \((N = 1048)\)
  • Food \((N = 356)\)
  • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 271)\)
  • Disability (not military) \((N = 260)\)
  • Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
  • Military Disability \((N = )\)
  • Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
  • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 140)\)
  • Housing Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
  • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 28)\)
  • Other \((N = 29)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Health 0.01 .915
Food 0.10 .747
Income 0.79 .374
Disability 1.64 .200
Military pension 1.41 .235
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.44 .507
Military 0.68 .411
Housing 0.08 .778
Childcare 0.26 .611
Other 0.00 > .999

West

key statistic p.value
Health 0.13 .722
Food 0.15 .699
Income 0.07 .793
Disability 4.08 .043
Military pension 0.00 .970
Military disability 0.27 .606
Military medical 0.88 .347
Military 6.50 .011
Housing 5.12 .024
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 0.21 .645

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Health 2.60 .107
Food 0.97 .324
Income 8.23 .004
Disability 2.32 .128
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.03 .857
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 2.24 .134
Housing 0.70 .404
Childcare 2.56 .110
Other 0.30 .582

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Health 0.68 .409
Food 0.67 .414
Income 3.07 .080
Disability 3.90 .048
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.05 .817
Housing 3.83 .050
Childcare 0.19 .663
Other 1.53 .217

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 1.12 .289
Food 30.69 < .001
Income 71.44 < .001
Disability 1.66 .198
Military pension 0.56 .455
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 9.00 .003
Housing 11.72 .001
Childcare 1.41 .236
Other 0.00 > .999

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 2.72 .099
Food 1.89 .169
Income 0.00 .995
Disability 0.00 .970
Military pension 0.04 .835
Military disability 0.86 .353
Military medical 0.01 .911
Military 0.07 .796
Housing 4.21 .040
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 1.91 .167

Low income

key statistic p.value
Health 488.48 < .001
Food 111.96 < .001
Income 137.63 < .001
Disability 100.75 < .001
Military disability 0.06 .799
Military medical 0.06 .799
Military 88.61 < .001
Housing 26.18 < .001
Childcare 1.31 .253
Other 10.48 .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Health 520.97 < .001
Food 116.41 < .001
Income 152.93 < .001
Disability 215.50 < .001
Military disability 1.54 .672
Military medical 1.54 .672
Military 106.01 < .001
Housing 30.29 < .001
Childcare 2.77 .428
Other 14.36 .002

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 493.52 < .001
Food 135.40 < .001
Income 204.47 < .001
Disability 99.98 < .001
Military disability 1.24 .744
Military medical 1.24 .744
Military 96.80 < .001
Housing 31.77 < .001
Childcare 2.61 .456
Other 12.51 .006

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 508.65 < .001
Food 121.69 < .001
Income 143.12 < .001
Disability 100.81 < .001
Military disability 16.33 .001
Military medical 1.60 .660
Military 96.97 < .001
Housing 38.63 < .001
Childcare 3.25 .354
Other 20.92 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Health 500.67 < .001
Food 115.37 < .001
Income 144.83 < .001
Disability 107.04 < .001
Military disability 2.48 .479
Military medical 2.48 .479
Military 89.86 < .001
Housing 30.22 < .001
Childcare 1.98 .576
Other 12.79 .005

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

  • Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 4176)\)
  • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 230)\)
  • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 445)\)
  • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 128)\)
  • Other \((N = 61)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.31 .579
No, not expected 0.01 .905
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.03 .872
Yes 0.30 .584

West

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.08 .782
No, not expected 14.59 < .001
Other 0.09 .767
Unsure 1.01 .314
Yes 10.96 .001

Northeast

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.03 .855
No, not expected 2.35 .125
Other 0.29 .592
Unsure 0.23 .635
Yes 2.16 .141

Midwest

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.25 .620
No, not expected 8.13 .004
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.70 .402
Yes 8.15 .004

Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 10.22 .001
No, not expected 1.24 .266
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 9.30 .002
Yes 4.42 .036

LatinX

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.02 .883
No, not expected 8.50 .004
Other 0.50 .480
Unsure 2.29 .130
Yes 10.67 .001

Low income

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.80 .370
No, not expected 0.33 .567
Other 24.91 < .001
Unsure 10.55 .001
Yes 7.68 .006

Income by Employment

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.36 .501
No, not expected 1.02 .797
Other 28.09 < .001
Unsure 17.79 < .001
Yes 9.01 .029

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 15.53 .001
No, not expected 2.90 .407
Other 26.66 < .001
Unsure 20.64 < .001
Yes 14.82 .002

Income by Latinx

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.33 .507
No, not expected 9.45 .024
Other 30.49 < .001
Unsure 12.04 .007
Yes 17.84 < .001

Income by South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.33 .507
No, not expected 9.45 .024
Other 30.49 < .001
Unsure 12.04 .007
Yes 17.84 < .001

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

  • Has decreased \((N = 3244)\)
  • Has stayed the same \((N = 3109)\)
  • Has increased \((N = 939)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 4.34 .037
Increased 10.66 .001
Stayed the same 0.01 .922

West

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 1.34 .248
Increased 0.00 .996
Stayed the same 1.42 .233

Northeast

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 1.96 .161
Increased 2.92 .088
Stayed the same 0.05 .829

Midwest

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 5.51 .019
Increased 4.51 .034
Stayed the same 0.79 .374

Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 11.35 .001
Increased 0.49 .485
Stayed the same 8.24 .004

LatinX

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 40.32 < .001
Increased 3.94 .047
Stayed the same 25.00 < .001

Low income

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 103.24 < .001
Increased 2.00 .158
Stayed the same 125.84 < .001

Income by Employment

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 218.17 < .001
Increased 10.06 .018
Stayed the same 203.98 < .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 97.91 < .001
Increased 5.13 .163
Stayed the same 115.90 < .001

Income by Latinx

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 110.68 < .001
Increased 3.89 .274
Stayed the same 126.50 < .001

Income by South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 110.68 < .001
Increased 3.89 .274
Stayed the same 126.50 < .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

  • No problems \((N = 2091)\)
  • Minor problems \((N = 3727)\)
  • Major problems \((N = 1145)\)
  • Extreme problems \((N = 357)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 16.81 < .001
Minor 0.53 .467
Major 9.73 .002
Extreme 2.36 .125

West

financial_status statistic p.value
None 2.37 .124
Minor 0.34 .562
Major 1.14 .286
Extreme 7.65 .006

Northeast

financial_status statistic p.value
None 8.21 .004
Minor 3.07 .080
Major 1.87 .172
Extreme 0.13 .721

Midwest

financial_status statistic p.value
None 0.24 .622
Minor 0.00 .973
Major 1.34 .248
Extreme 0.50 .480

Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 21.01 < .001
Minor 0.01 .918
Major 11.26 .001
Extreme 17.52 < .001

LatinX

financial_status statistic p.value
None 40.21 < .001
Minor 5.10 .024
Major 15.78 < .001
Extreme 1.49 .223

Low income

financial_status statistic p.value
None 497.23 < .001
Minor 2.58 .108
Major 296.97 < .001
Extreme 201.01 < .001

Income by Employment

financial_status statistic p.value
None 584.34 < .001
Minor 34.22 < .001
Major 356.08 < .001
Extreme 290.87 < .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 505.71 < .001
Minor 4.92 .178
Major 305.39 < .001
Extreme 211.18 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.033
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.125
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status statistic p.value
None 518.91 < .001
Minor 6.37 .095
Major 304.30 < .001
Extreme 206.65 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.033
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.125
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 518.91 < .001
Minor 6.37 .095
Major 304.30 < .001
Extreme 206.65 < .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5239)\)
  • Yes \((N = 2078)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 5.9 .015
Yes 5.9 .015

West

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 5.51 .019
Yes 5.51 .019

Northeast

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.63 .201
Yes 1.63 .201

Midwest

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.98 .159
Yes 1.98 .159

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 0.07 .787
Yes 0.07 .787

LatinX

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 16.28 < .001
Yes 16.28 < .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 47.41 < .001
Yes 47.41 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 81.79 < .001
Yes 81.79 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 62.66 < .001
Yes 62.66 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 55.88 < .001
Yes 55.88 < .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 55.88 < .001
Yes 55.88 < .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

  • No \((N = 6108)\)
  • Yes \((N = 920)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 3.69 .055
Yes 3.69 .055

West

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.8 .371
Yes 0.8 .371

Northeast

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.31 .579
Yes 0.31 .579

Midwest

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.46 .497
Yes 0.46 .497

Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.03 .866
Yes 0.03 .866

LatinX

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 19.07 < .001
Yes 19.07 < .001

Low income

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 32.04 < .001
Yes 32.04 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 74.8 < .001
Yes 74.8 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 42.55 < .001
Yes 42.55 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 42.24 < .001
Yes 42.24 < .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 42.24 < .001
Yes 42.24 < .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Cost \((N = 139)\)
  • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 128)\)
  • Inability to find childcare \((N = 216)\)
  • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1633)\)
  • Caring for family members \((N = 126)\)
  • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 140)\)
  • Other, please describe \((N = 397)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.91 .167
Time away from work 0.43 .512
Inability find childcare 0.38 .535
Concern for covid 0.54 .464
Caring for family 0.01 .928
Vaccine hesitancy 0.24 .625
Other 14.59 < .001

West

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 > .999
Time away from work 3.04 .081
Inability find childcare 2.75 .097
Concern for covid 2.84 .092
Caring for family 1.78 .182
Vaccine hesitancy 0.74 .390
Other 0.41 .523

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Cost 2.10 .147
Time away from work 1.77 .184
Inability find childcare 0.39 .531
Concern for covid 1.60 .206
Caring for family 2.48 .115
Vaccine hesitancy 1.02 .312
Other 1.39 .239

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.06 .812
Time away from work 1.99 .158
Inability find childcare 0.10 .747
Concern for covid 0.03 .868
Caring for family 0.02 .895
Vaccine hesitancy 0.28 .595
Other 6.31 .012

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.14 .709
Time away from work 3.70 .055
Inability find childcare 0.05 .822
Concern for covid 0.69 .407
Caring for family 0.22 .642
Vaccine hesitancy 4.37 .037
Other 10.15 .001

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 5.21 .022
Time away from work 0.50 .479
Inability find childcare 3.36 .067
Concern for covid 25.24 < .001
Caring for family 2.37 .124
Vaccine hesitancy 0.03 .860
Other 7.02 .008

Low income

key statistic p.value
Cost 5.88 .015
Time away from work 4.32 .038
Inability find childcare 26.76 < .001
Concern for covid 40.83 < .001
Caring for family 17.00 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 11.20 .001
Other 1.22 .268

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Cost 16.58 .001
Time away from work 14.17 .003
Inability find childcare 34.87 < .001
Concern for covid 69.31 < .001
Caring for family 28.00 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 23.38 < .001
Other 8.54 .036

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 9.01 .029
Time away from work 6.66 .084
Inability find childcare 28.69 < .001
Concern for covid 51.91 < .001
Caring for family 19.49 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 18.05 < .001
Other 15.42 .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 8.07 .045
Time away from work 6.74 .081
Inability find childcare 31.39 < .001
Concern for covid 58.97 < .001
Caring for family 24.14 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 13.95 .003
Other 7.38 .061

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Cost 8.44 .038
Time away from work 6.41 .093
Inability find childcare 27.87 < .001
Concern for covid 43.44 < .001
Caring for family 18.29 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 15.11 .002
Other 14.88 .002

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2382)\)
  • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1173)\)
  • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3394)\)
  • Unsure \((N = 363)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.00 .996
No, not eligible 8.98 .003
Unsure 0.00 > .999
Yes 10.26 .001

West

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.41 .065
No, not eligible 1.16 .281
Unsure 0.65 .419
Yes 0.01 .939

Northeast

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.84 .016
No, not eligible 26.28 < .001
Unsure 0.15 .702
Yes 13.96 < .001

Midwest

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.03 .863
No, not eligible 0.01 .939
Unsure 0.17 .678
Yes 0.22 .639

Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.36 .067
No, not eligible 79.18 < .001
Unsure 1.21 .272
Yes 73.02 < .001

LatinX

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.35 .021
No, not eligible 66.68 < .001
Unsure 3.98 .046
Yes 34.74 < .001

Low income

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 2.91 .088
No, not eligible 1136.11 < .001
Unsure 12.14 < .001
Yes 1297.34 < .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 10.83 .013
No, not eligible 1195.13 < .001
Unsure 16.72 .001
Yes 1341.80 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 17.57 .001
No, not eligible 1161.98 < .001
Unsure 16.37 .001
Yes 1310.42 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 10.35 .016
No, not eligible 1169.15 < .001
Unsure 17.01 .001
Yes 1315.99 < .001

Income by South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 10.35 .016
No, not eligible 1169.15 < .001
Unsure 17.01 .001
Yes 1315.99 < .001

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

  • Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1673)\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1322)\)
  • No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1673)\)
  • No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1314)\)
  • No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 147)\)
  • Not applicable \((N = 495)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.16 .688
No, didn’t know how 0.90 .342
No, not available 17.04 < .001
No, planned 0.80 .372
Yes 17.46 < .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.21 .272
No, didn’t know how 1.34 .248
No, not available 15.48 < .001
No, planned 0.72 .396
Yes 6.73 .010

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 3.31 .069
No, didn’t know how 0.00 > .999
No, not available 0.20 .651
No, planned 4.73 .030
Yes 14.50 < .001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.76 .382
No, didn’t know how 5.55 .018
No, not available 0.00 .980
No, planned 0.00 .980
Yes 1.80 .179

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.90 .344
No, didn’t know how 0.03 .861
No, not available 7.44 .006
No, planned 18.26 < .001
Yes 36.08 < .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.23 .267
No, didn’t know how 1.06 .303
No, not available 8.00 .005
No, planned 47.89 < .001
Yes 68.37 < .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.67 .414
No, didn’t know how 16.80 < .001
No, not available 103.16 < .001
No, planned 199.53 < .001
Yes 510.56 < .001
free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.67 .414
No, didn’t know how 16.80 < .001
No, not available 103.16 < .001
No, planned 199.53 < .001
Yes 510.56 < .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 5.11 .164
No, didn’t know how 18.23 < .001
No, not available 107.62 < .001
No, planned 218.44 < .001
Yes 540.03 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 4.38 .223
No, didn’t know how 23.54 < .001
No, not available 108.28 < .001
No, planned 206.82 < .001
Yes 519.21 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.98 .576
No, didn’t know how 22.86 < .001
No, not available 110.95 < .001
No, planned 228.11 < .001
Yes 542.44 < .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.98 .576
No, didn’t know how 22.86 < .001
No, not available 110.95 < .001
No, planned 228.11 < .001
Yes 542.44 < .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

  • Very hard \((N = 528)\)
  • Hard \((N = 812)\)
  • Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
  • Not very hard \((N = 4073)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 22.40 < .001
Somewhat hard 9.01 .003
Hard 2.27 .132
Very hard 4.29 .038

West

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 3.29 .070
Somewhat hard 0.79 .374
Hard 0.89 .345
Very hard 9.73 .002

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 9.11 .003
Somewhat hard 4.78 .029
Hard 0.47 .494
Very hard 1.29 .256

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 0.63 .427
Somewhat hard 0.26 .608
Hard 4.40 .036
Very hard 3.58 .059

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 50.07 < .001
Somewhat hard 18.62 < .001
Hard 5.41 .020
Very hard 10.82 .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 65.19 < .001
Somewhat hard 20.18 < .001
Hard 19.97 < .001
Very hard 5.52 .019

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 888.90 < .001
Somewhat hard 169.59 < .001
Hard 248.14 < .001
Very hard 269.08 < .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 990.74 < .001
Somewhat hard 200.34 < .001
Hard 263.68 < .001
Very hard 336.46 < .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 915.10 < .001
Somewhat hard 182.90 < .001
Hard 261.46 < .001
Very hard 270.44 < .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 921.31 < .001
Somewhat hard 180.07 < .001
Hard 264.24 < .001
Very hard 272.65 < .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 921.31 < .001
Somewhat hard 180.07 < .001
Hard 264.24 < .001
Very hard 272.65 < .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Food \((N = 1604)\)
  • Housing \((N = 1708)\)
  • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
  • Healthcare \((N = 755)\)
  • Social \((N = 752)\)
  • Emotional \((N = 825)\)
  • Childcare \((N = 683)\)
  • Other \((N = 211)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Food 3.51 .061
House 7.04 .008
Utilities 22.43 < .001
Healthcare 16.52 < .001
Social 0.72 .398
Emotional 0.43 .511
Childcare 4.38 .036
Other 0.27 .600

West

key statistic p.value
Food 0.87 .350
House 0.05 .819
Utilities 12.46 < .001
Healthcare 0.65 .419
Social 0.36 .547
Emotional 0.11 .735
Childcare 0.04 .846
Other 0.50 .479

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Food 8.73 .003
House 2.49 .114
Utilities 2.49 .114
Healthcare 20.35 < .001
Social 0.28 .598
Emotional 1.85 .174
Childcare 4.47 .034
Other 0.00 > .999

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Food 2.00 .158
House 1.77 .184
Utilities 0.06 .803
Healthcare 0.02 .881
Social 0.62 .432
Emotional 0.62 .432
Childcare 0.06 .811
Other 0.00 > .999

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 17.28 < .001
House 16.93 < .001
Utilities 23.76 < .001
Healthcare 0.08 .771
Social 0.81 .369
Emotional 0.24 .625
Childcare 22.38 < .001
Other 0.67 .414

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 29.17 < .001
House 51.98 < .001
Utilities 41.81 < .001
Healthcare 5.94 .015
Social 0.40 .526
Emotional 0.04 .833
Childcare 0.47 .493
Other 0.00 > .999

Low income

key statistic p.value
Food 270.06 < .001
House 413.46 < .001
Utilities 748.22 < .001
Healthcare 4.58 .032
Social 150.15 < .001
Emotional 183.35 < .001
Childcare 37.61 < .001
Other 69.20 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Food 314.94 < .001
House 501.72 < .001
Utilities 851.31 < .001
Healthcare 28.94 < .001
Social 167.72 < .001
Emotional 208.77 < .001
Childcare 37.34 < .001
Other 77.66 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 287.54 < .001
House 422.51 < .001
Utilities 769.75 < .001
Healthcare 8.51 .037
Social 165.97 < .001
Emotional 192.03 < .001
Childcare 57.17 < .001
Other 71.15 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 290.03 < .001
House 439.09 < .001
Utilities 765.83 < .001
Healthcare 12.72 .005
Social 159.75 < .001
Emotional 200.22 < .001
Childcare 41.37 < .001
Other 71.84 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Food 279.86 < .001
House 426.40 < .001
Utilities 758.39 < .001
Healthcare 21.84 < .001
Social 162.96 < .001
Emotional 187.18 < .001
Childcare 41.91 < .001
Other 73.14 < .001

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

  • 0 \((N = 4156)\)
  • 1 \((N = 676)\)
  • 2 \((N = 922)\)
  • 3 \((N = 765)\)
  • 4 \((N = 420)\)
  • 5 \((N = 223)\)
  • 6 \((N = 110)\)
  • 7 \((N = 51)\)
  • 8 \((N = 4)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 22.08 < .001
1 0.81 .369
2 12.52 < .001
3 2.72 .099
4 1.42 .233
5 0.67 .413
6 2.14 .144

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 3.86 .050
1 0.01 .909
2 5.70 .017
3 0.09 .758
4 0.03 .868
5 0.33 .568
6 1.43 .232

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 8.99 .003
1 0.00 .970
2 0.36 .548
3 4.19 .041
4 3.12 .077
5 0.07 .794
6 0.59 .443

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.38 .538
1 0.59 .442
2 0.83 .363
3 0.05 .821
4 0.00 > .999
5 0.31 .579
6 0.07 .798

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 47.63 < .001
1 23.79 < .001
2 13.28 < .001
3 2.38 .123
4 1.72 .190
5 0.39 .530
6 0.24 .628

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 63.50 < .001
1 20.79 < .001
2 17.06 < .001
3 3.93 .048
4 0.19 .661
5 1.41 .234
6 3.42 .064

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 862.47 < .001
1 116.83 < .001
2 175.12 < .001
3 127.10 < .001
4 62.88 < .001
5 38.41 < .001
6 22.51 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 967.98 < .001
1 129.75 < .001
2 206.10 < .001
3 144.97 < .001
4 69.97 < .001
5 45.07 < .001
6 33.19 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 889.06 < .001
1 125.68 < .001
2 181.53 < .001
3 135.78 < .001
4 65.29 < .001
5 48.38 < .001
6 24.67 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.169
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 893.28 < .001
1 127.43 < .001
2 185.11 < .001
3 129.03 < .001
4 65.61 < .001
5 44.95 < .001
6 26.31 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.455
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 893.28 < .001
1 127.43 < .001
2 185.11 < .001
3 129.03 < .001
4 65.61 < .001
5 44.95 < .001
6 26.31 < .001

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 22.08 < .001
1+ 22.08 < .001

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 3.86 .050
1+ 3.86 .050

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 8.99 .003
1+ 8.99 .003

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.38 .538
1+ 0.38 .538

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 47.63 < .001
1+ 47.63 < .001

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 63.5 < .001
1+ 63.5 < .001

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 862.47 < .001
1+ 862.47 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 967.98 < .001
1+ 967.98 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 889.06 < .001
1+ 889.06 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.891
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 893.28 < .001
1+ 893.28 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.315
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 893.28 < .001
1+ 893.28 < .001