Policy-relevant questions

Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7327 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and October 01, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 9.49% are Black/African American, 19.05% are LatinX, and 29.19% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 1916)\)
• No \((N = 4338)\)
• Didn’t Qualify \((N = 870)\)
• Intend to apply \((N = 184)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.55	.457
Intend to apply	0.25	.614
No	4.94	.026
Yes	2.88	.089

West

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.74	.388
Intend to apply	0.00	.972
No	2.31	.128
Yes	1.16	.282

Northeast

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.10	.748
Intend to apply	1.10	.295
No	0.63	.426
Yes	0.57	.452

Midwest

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.05	.826
Intend to apply	0.01	.905
No	0.03	.854
Yes	0.01	.931

Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	3.43	.064
Intend to apply	12.71	< .001
No	33.40	< .001
Yes	42.89	< .001

LatinX

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.07	.798
Intend to apply	0.52	.470
No	5.80	.016
Yes	4.73	.030

Low income

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	28.94	< .001
Intend to apply	15.16	< .001
No	672.92	< .001
Yes	997.87	< .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	37.04	< .001
Intend to apply	18.15	< .001
No	767.43	< .001
Yes	1080.29	< .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	30.25	< .001
Intend to apply	26.41	< .001
No	681.90	< .001
Yes	1006.09	< .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	32.08	< .001
Intend to apply	17.10	.001
No	681.82	< .001
Yes	1011.29	< .001

Income by South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	32.08	< .001
Intend to apply	17.10	.001
No	681.82	< .001
Yes	1011.29	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Didn’t Qualify - Intend to apply	-3.36	-7.31	0.59	.341
Didn’t Qualify - No	4.90	3.09	6.71	< .001
Didn’t Qualify - Yes	-3.31	-5.30	-1.32	.006
Intend to apply - No	8.26	4.59	11.92	< .001
Intend to apply - Yes	0.05	-3.71	3.81	> .999
No - Yes	-8.20	-9.54	-6.87	< .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Health/Medical \((N = 1048)\)
• Food \((N = 356)\)
• Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 271)\)
• Disability (not military) \((N = 260)\)
• Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
• Military Disability \((N = )\)
• Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
• Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 140)\)
• Housing Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
• Child Care Subsidy \((N = 28)\)
• Other \((N = 29)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.01	.915
Food	0.10	.747
Income	0.79	.374
Disability	1.64	.200
Military pension	1.41	.235
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.44	.507
Military	0.68	.411
Housing	0.08	.778
Childcare	0.26	.611
Other	0.00	> .999

West

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.13	.722
Food	0.15	.699
Income	0.07	.793
Disability	4.08	.043
Military pension	0.00	.970
Military disability	0.27	.606
Military medical	0.88	.347
Military	6.50	.011
Housing	5.12	.024
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	0.21	.645

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.60	.107
Food	0.97	.324
Income	8.23	.004
Disability	2.32	.128
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.03	.857
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	2.24	.134
Housing	0.70	.404
Childcare	2.56	.110
Other	0.30	.582

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.68	.409
Food	0.67	.414
Income	3.07	.080
Disability	3.90	.048
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.05	.817
Housing	3.83	.050
Childcare	0.19	.663
Other	1.53	.217

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	1.12	.289
Food	30.69	< .001
Income	71.44	< .001
Disability	1.66	.198
Military pension	0.56	.455
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	9.00	.003
Housing	11.72	.001
Childcare	1.41	.236
Other	0.00	> .999

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.72	.099
Food	1.89	.169
Income	0.00	.995
Disability	0.00	.970
Military pension	0.04	.835
Military disability	0.86	.353
Military medical	0.01	.911
Military	0.07	.796
Housing	4.21	.040
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	1.91	.167

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Health	488.48	< .001
Food	111.96	< .001
Income	137.63	< .001
Disability	100.75	< .001
Military disability	0.06	.799
Military medical	0.06	.799
Military	88.61	< .001
Housing	26.18	< .001
Childcare	1.31	.253
Other	10.48	.001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Health	520.97	< .001
Food	116.41	< .001
Income	152.93	< .001
Disability	215.50	< .001
Military disability	1.54	.672
Military medical	1.54	.672
Military	106.01	< .001
Housing	30.29	< .001
Childcare	2.77	.428
Other	14.36	.002

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	493.52	< .001
Food	135.40	< .001
Income	204.47	< .001
Disability	99.98	< .001
Military disability	1.24	.744
Military medical	1.24	.744
Military	96.80	< .001
Housing	31.77	< .001
Childcare	2.61	.456
Other	12.51	.006

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	508.65	< .001
Food	121.69	< .001
Income	143.12	< .001
Disability	100.81	< .001
Military disability	16.33	.001
Military medical	1.60	.660
Military	96.97	< .001
Housing	38.63	< .001
Childcare	3.25	.354
Other	20.92	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	500.67	< .001
Food	115.37	< .001
Income	144.83	< .001
Disability	107.04	< .001
Military disability	2.48	.479
Military medical	2.48	.479
Military	89.86	< .001
Housing	30.22	< .001
Childcare	1.98	.576
Other	12.79	.005

Related to well-being

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

• Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 4176)\)
• No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 230)\)
• No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 445)\)
• Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 128)\)
• Other \((N = 61)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.31	.579
No, not expected	0.01	.905
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.03	.872
Yes	0.30	.584

West

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.08	.782
No, not expected	14.59	< .001
Other	0.09	.767
Unsure	1.01	.314
Yes	10.96	.001

Northeast

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.03	.855
No, not expected	2.35	.125
Other	0.29	.592
Unsure	0.23	.635
Yes	2.16	.141

Midwest

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.25	.620
No, not expected	8.13	.004
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.70	.402
Yes	8.15	.004

Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	10.22	.001
No, not expected	1.24	.266
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	9.30	.002
Yes	4.42	.036

LatinX

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.02	.883
No, not expected	8.50	.004
Other	0.50	.480
Unsure	2.29	.130
Yes	10.67	.001

Low income

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.80	.370
No, not expected	0.33	.567
Other	24.91	< .001
Unsure	10.55	.001
Yes	7.68	.006

Income by Employment

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.36	.501
No, not expected	1.02	.797
Other	28.09	< .001
Unsure	17.79	< .001
Yes	9.01	.029

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	15.53	.001
No, not expected	2.90	.407
Other	26.66	< .001
Unsure	20.64	< .001
Yes	14.82	.002

Income by Latinx

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.33	.507
No, not expected	9.45	.024
Other	30.49	< .001
Unsure	12.04	.007
Yes	17.84	< .001

Income by South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.33	.507
No, not expected	9.45	.024
Other	30.49	< .001
Unsure	12.04	.007
Yes	17.84	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, expected - No, not expected	0.91	-3.07	4.89	.992
No, expected - Other	-2.11	-9.17	4.94	.977
No, expected - Unsure	2.55	-2.85	7.96	.887
No, expected - Yes	0.16	-3.16	3.48	> .999
No, not expected - Other	-3.02	-9.71	3.67	.903
No, not expected - Unsure	1.65	-3.27	6.56	.965
No, not expected - Yes	-0.75	-3.19	1.70	.975
Other - Unsure	4.67	-2.96	12.29	.752
Other - Yes	2.28	-4.04	8.60	.955
Unsure - Yes	-2.39	-6.79	2.01	.824

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

• Has decreased \((N = 3244)\)
• Has stayed the same \((N = 3109)\)
• Has increased \((N = 939)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	4.34	.037
Increased	10.66	.001
Stayed the same	0.01	.922

West

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	1.34	.248
Increased	0.00	.996
Stayed the same	1.42	.233

Northeast

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	1.96	.161
Increased	2.92	.088
Stayed the same	0.05	.829

Midwest

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	5.51	.019
Increased	4.51	.034
Stayed the same	0.79	.374

Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	11.35	.001
Increased	0.49	.485
Stayed the same	8.24	.004

LatinX

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	40.32	< .001
Increased	3.94	.047
Stayed the same	25.00	< .001

Low income

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	103.24	< .001
Increased	2.00	.158
Stayed the same	125.84	< .001

Income by Employment

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	218.17	< .001
Increased	10.06	.018
Stayed the same	203.98	< .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	97.91	< .001
Increased	5.13	.163
Stayed the same	115.90	< .001

Income by Latinx

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	110.68	< .001
Increased	3.89	.274
Stayed the same	126.50	< .001

Income by South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	110.68	< .001
Increased	3.89	.274
Stayed the same	126.50	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	5.58	3.78	7.38	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	8.75	7.54	9.97	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	3.18	1.37	4.99	.002

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-4.20	-7.31	-1.10	.016
Decreased	-5.14	-7.91	-2.37	.001
Increased	-6.77	-12.43	-1.12	.019

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	0.45	-1.87	2.78	.703
Decreased	-2.51	-4.58	-0.44	.053
Increased	-2.39	-6.71	1.92	.554

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.44	1.36	5.53	.001
Decreased	6.26	4.42	8.10	< .001
Increased	7.16	3.58	10.74	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	13.61	9.85	17.37	< .001
Decreased	10.76	7.30	14.22	< .001
Increased	13.52	7.53	19.50	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	1.16	-0.96	3.28	.533
Decreased - Stayed the same	5.79	4.35	7.23	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	4.63	2.49	6.76	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.48	-9.14	-1.82	.007
Decreased	-6.59	-9.87	-3.30	< .001
Increased	-2.97	-9.47	3.53	.371

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	2.56	-0.18	5.30	.202
Decreased	-0.93	-3.39	1.54	.905
Increased	1.90	-3.06	6.87	.905

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	4.16	1.71	6.62	.002
Decreased	3.77	1.55	6.00	.002
Increased	8.40	4.29	12.52	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	19.61	15.19	24.02	< .001
Decreased	14.88	10.77	19.00	< .001
Increased	16.82	9.96	23.67	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	3.36	1.70	5.02	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	7.27	6.15	8.40	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	3.91	2.24	5.58	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-4.90	-7.77	-2.03	.002
Decreased	-5.88	-8.43	-3.33	< .001
Increased	-4.88	-10.04	0.29	.065

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	1.51	-0.64	3.66	.337
Decreased	-1.67	-3.59	0.24	.259
Increased	-0.22	-4.16	3.72	.913

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.77	1.85	5.70	< .001
Decreased	5.01	3.30	6.72	< .001
Increased	7.79	4.53	11.05	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	16.61	13.15	20.07	< .001
Decreased	12.80	9.62	15.98	< .001
Increased	15.16	9.73	20.59	< .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

• No problems \((N = 2091)\)
• Minor problems \((N = 3727)\)
• Major problems \((N = 1145)\)
• Extreme problems \((N = 357)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	16.81	< .001
Minor	0.53	.467
Major	9.73	.002
Extreme	2.36	.125

West

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	2.37	.124
Minor	0.34	.562
Major	1.14	.286
Extreme	7.65	.006

Northeast

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	8.21	.004
Minor	3.07	.080
Major	1.87	.172
Extreme	0.13	.721

Midwest

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	0.24	.622
Minor	0.00	.973
Major	1.34	.248
Extreme	0.50	.480

Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	21.01	< .001
Minor	0.01	.918
Major	11.26	.001
Extreme	17.52	< .001

LatinX

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	40.21	< .001
Minor	5.10	.024
Major	15.78	< .001
Extreme	1.49	.223

Low income

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	497.23	< .001
Minor	2.58	.108
Major	296.97	< .001
Extreme	201.01	< .001

Income by Employment

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	584.34	< .001
Minor	34.22	< .001
Major	356.08	< .001
Extreme	290.87	< .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	505.71	< .001
Minor	4.92	.178
Major	305.39	< .001
Extreme	211.18	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.033
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.125
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	518.91	< .001
Minor	6.37	.095
Major	304.30	< .001
Extreme	206.65	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.033
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.125
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	518.91	< .001
Minor	6.37	.095
Major	304.30	< .001
Extreme	206.65	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.67	-10.93	-8.40	< .001
None - Major	-21.85	-23.54	-20.15	< .001
None - Extreme	-32.40	-35.04	-29.75	< .001
Minor - Major	-12.18	-13.74	-10.62	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-22.73	-25.29	-20.17	< .001
Major - Extreme	-10.55	-13.35	-7.75	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-7.28	-9.90	-4.67	< .001
None	-4.52	-8.32	-0.72	.040
Major	-4.83	-8.98	-0.69	.040
Extreme	-11.81	-19.14	-4.48	.005

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-2.85	-4.76	-0.93	.014
None	0.07	-2.69	2.84	.958
Major	-1.77	-4.99	1.44	.561
Extreme	-4.60	-11.17	1.97	.512

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	0.09	-1.63	1.82	> .999
None	-1.71	-4.79	1.37	> .999
Major	1.51	-1.41	4.43	> .999
Extreme	-3.09	-9.68	3.50	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	10.32	7.10	13.55	< .001
None	8.47	3.30	13.63	.004
Major	7.52	2.91	12.14	.004
Extreme	7.40	-0.47	15.27	.066

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-8.68	-10.21	-7.14	< .001
None - Major	-16.97	-19.04	-14.90	< .001
None - Extreme	-20.63	-23.86	-17.41	< .001
Minor - Major	-8.29	-10.20	-6.39	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-11.96	-15.08	-8.84	< .001
Major - Extreme	-3.66	-7.08	-0.25	.152

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-8.69	-11.84	-5.54	< .001
None	-2.53	-7.01	1.96	.270
Major	-7.12	-12.53	-1.71	.030
Extreme	-7.15	-16.29	1.98	.252

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.63	-2.94	1.68	> .999
None	3.35	0.10	6.61	.174
Major	-0.51	-4.73	3.71	> .999
Extreme	-3.76	-11.96	4.44	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.64	-2.71	1.44	> .999
None	3.56	-0.10	7.21	.226
Major	1.45	-2.34	5.23	> .999
Extreme	-0.57	-8.85	7.71	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	16.78	12.91	20.64	< .001
None	10.32	4.24	16.41	.002
Major	14.95	8.92	20.97	< .001
Extreme	14.26	4.60	23.93	.004

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.19	-10.36	-8.01	< .001
None - Major	-19.42	-21.00	-17.84	< .001
None - Extreme	-26.54	-28.99	-24.08	< .001
Minor - Major	-10.23	-11.68	-8.78	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-17.35	-19.73	-14.97	< .001
Major - Extreme	-7.12	-9.72	-4.52	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-8.00	-10.42	-5.58	< .001
None	-3.62	-7.08	-0.15	.041
Major	-5.97	-9.97	-1.97	.010
Extreme	-9.49	-16.29	-2.69	.013

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-1.72	-3.49	0.06	.232
None	1.73	-0.79	4.25	.535
Major	-1.13	-4.25	1.98	.535
Extreme	-4.13	-10.22	1.95	.535

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.29	-1.88	1.30	> .999
None	0.86	-1.96	3.68	> .999
Major	1.47	-1.34	4.27	> .999
Extreme	-1.82	-7.93	4.30	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	13.55	10.58	16.52	< .001
None	9.41	4.71	14.11	< .001
Major	11.17	6.73	15.60	< .001
Extreme	10.82	3.58	18.06	.004

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

• No \((N = 5239)\)
• Yes \((N = 2078)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	5.9	.015
Yes	5.9	.015

West

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	5.51	.019
Yes	5.51	.019

Northeast

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.63	.201
Yes	1.63	.201

Midwest

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.98	.159
Yes	1.98	.159

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	0.07	.787
Yes	0.07	.787

LatinX

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	16.28	< .001
Yes	16.28	< .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	47.41	< .001
Yes	47.41	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	81.79	< .001
Yes	81.79	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	62.66	< .001
Yes	62.66	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	55.88	< .001
Yes	55.88	< .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	55.88	< .001
Yes	55.88	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-8.33	-9.59	-7.07	< .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

• No \((N = 6108)\)
• Yes \((N = 920)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	3.69	.055
Yes	3.69	.055

West

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.8	.371
Yes	0.8	.371

Northeast

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.31	.579
Yes	0.31	.579

Midwest

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.46	.497
Yes	0.46	.497

Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.03	.866
Yes	0.03	.866

LatinX

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	19.07	< .001
Yes	19.07	< .001

Low income

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	32.04	< .001
Yes	32.04	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	74.8	< .001
Yes	74.8	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	42.55	< .001
Yes	42.55	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	42.24	< .001
Yes	42.24	< .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	42.24	< .001
Yes	42.24	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-10.99	-12.71	-9.27	< .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Cost \((N = 139)\)
• Unable to get time away from work \((N = 128)\)
• Inability to find childcare \((N = 216)\)
• Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1633)\)
• Caring for family members \((N = 126)\)
• Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 140)\)
• Other, please describe \((N = 397)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.91	.167
Time away from work	0.43	.512
Inability find childcare	0.38	.535
Concern for covid	0.54	.464
Caring for family	0.01	.928
Vaccine hesitancy	0.24	.625
Other	14.59	< .001

West

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	> .999
Time away from work	3.04	.081
Inability find childcare	2.75	.097
Concern for covid	2.84	.092
Caring for family	1.78	.182
Vaccine hesitancy	0.74	.390
Other	0.41	.523

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	2.10	.147
Time away from work	1.77	.184
Inability find childcare	0.39	.531
Concern for covid	1.60	.206
Caring for family	2.48	.115
Vaccine hesitancy	1.02	.312
Other	1.39	.239

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.06	.812
Time away from work	1.99	.158
Inability find childcare	0.10	.747
Concern for covid	0.03	.868
Caring for family	0.02	.895
Vaccine hesitancy	0.28	.595
Other	6.31	.012

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.14	.709
Time away from work	3.70	.055
Inability find childcare	0.05	.822
Concern for covid	0.69	.407
Caring for family	0.22	.642
Vaccine hesitancy	4.37	.037
Other	10.15	.001

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	5.21	.022
Time away from work	0.50	.479
Inability find childcare	3.36	.067
Concern for covid	25.24	< .001
Caring for family	2.37	.124
Vaccine hesitancy	0.03	.860
Other	7.02	.008

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	5.88	.015
Time away from work	4.32	.038
Inability find childcare	26.76	< .001
Concern for covid	40.83	< .001
Caring for family	17.00	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	11.20	.001
Other	1.22	.268

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	16.58	.001
Time away from work	14.17	.003
Inability find childcare	34.87	< .001
Concern for covid	69.31	< .001
Caring for family	28.00	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	23.38	< .001
Other	8.54	.036

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	9.01	.029
Time away from work	6.66	.084
Inability find childcare	28.69	< .001
Concern for covid	51.91	< .001
Caring for family	19.49	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	18.05	< .001
Other	15.42	.001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	8.07	.045
Time away from work	6.74	.081
Inability find childcare	31.39	< .001
Concern for covid	58.97	< .001
Caring for family	24.14	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	13.95	.003
Other	7.38	.061

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	8.44	.038
Time away from work	6.41	.093
Inability find childcare	27.87	< .001
Concern for covid	43.44	< .001
Caring for family	18.29	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	15.11	.002
Other	14.88	.002

Related to well-being

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2382)\)
• No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1173)\)
• No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3394)\)
• Unsure \((N = 363)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.00	.996
No, not eligible	8.98	.003
Unsure	0.00	> .999
Yes	10.26	.001

West

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.41	.065
No, not eligible	1.16	.281
Unsure	0.65	.419
Yes	0.01	.939

Northeast

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	5.84	.016
No, not eligible	26.28	< .001
Unsure	0.15	.702
Yes	13.96	< .001

Midwest

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.03	.863
No, not eligible	0.01	.939
Unsure	0.17	.678
Yes	0.22	.639

Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.36	.067
No, not eligible	79.18	< .001
Unsure	1.21	.272
Yes	73.02	< .001

LatinX

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	5.35	.021
No, not eligible	66.68	< .001
Unsure	3.98	.046
Yes	34.74	< .001

Low income

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	2.91	.088
No, not eligible	1136.11	< .001
Unsure	12.14	< .001
Yes	1297.34	< .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	10.83	.013
No, not eligible	1195.13	< .001
Unsure	16.72	.001
Yes	1341.80	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	17.57	.001
No, not eligible	1161.98	< .001
Unsure	16.37	.001
Yes	1310.42	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	10.35	.016
No, not eligible	1169.15	< .001
Unsure	17.01	.001
Yes	1315.99	< .001

Income by South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	10.35	.016
No, not eligible	1169.15	< .001
Unsure	17.01	.001
Yes	1315.99	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, know how - No, not eligible	1.05	-0.61	2.71	.601
No, know how - Unsure	-4.91	-7.85	-1.97	.006
No, know how - Yes	-3.77	-5.52	-2.02	< .001
No, not eligible - Unsure	-5.96	-8.67	-3.25	< .001
No, not eligible - Yes	-4.82	-6.13	-3.51	< .001
Unsure - Yes	1.14	-1.62	3.90	.851

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

• Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1673)\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1322)\)
• No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1673)\)
• No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1314)\)
• No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 147)\)
• Not applicable \((N = 495)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.16	.688
No, didn’t know how	0.90	.342
No, not available	17.04	< .001
No, planned	0.80	.372
Yes	17.46	< .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.21	.272
No, didn’t know how	1.34	.248
No, not available	15.48	< .001
No, planned	0.72	.396
Yes	6.73	.010

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	3.31	.069
No, didn’t know how	0.00	> .999
No, not available	0.20	.651
No, planned	4.73	.030
Yes	14.50	< .001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.76	.382
No, didn’t know how	5.55	.018
No, not available	0.00	.980
No, planned	0.00	.980
Yes	1.80	.179

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.90	.344
No, didn’t know how	0.03	.861
No, not available	7.44	.006
No, planned	18.26	< .001
Yes	36.08	< .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.23	.267
No, didn’t know how	1.06	.303
No, not available	8.00	.005
No, planned	47.89	< .001
Yes	68.37	< .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.67	.414
No, didn’t know how	16.80	< .001
No, not available	103.16	< .001
No, planned	199.53	< .001
Yes	510.56	< .001

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.67	.414
No, didn’t know how	16.80	< .001
No, not available	103.16	< .001
No, planned	199.53	< .001
Yes	510.56	< .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	5.11	.164
No, didn’t know how	18.23	< .001
No, not available	107.62	< .001
No, planned	218.44	< .001
Yes	540.03	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	4.38	.223
No, didn’t know how	23.54	< .001
No, not available	108.28	< .001
No, planned	206.82	< .001
Yes	519.21	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.98	.576
No, didn’t know how	22.86	< .001
No, not available	110.95	< .001
No, planned	228.11	< .001
Yes	542.44	< .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.98	.576
No, didn’t know how	22.86	< .001
No, not available	110.95	< .001
No, planned	228.11	< .001
Yes	542.44	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
N/A - No, didn’t know how	2.47	-2.15	7.10	.833
N/A - No, not available	5.76	3.16	8.35	< .001
N/A - No, planned	4.25	1.65	6.85	.012
N/A - Yes	0.21	-2.30	2.73	> .999
No, didn’t know how - No, not available	3.28	-1.00	7.57	.561
No, didn’t know how - No, planned	1.78	-2.51	6.06	.927
No, didn’t know how - Yes	-2.26	-6.50	1.98	.834
No, not available - No, planned	-1.51	-3.43	0.41	.536
No, not available - Yes	-5.54	-7.35	-3.73	< .001
No, planned - Yes	-4.03	-5.85	-2.22	< .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

• Very hard \((N = 528)\)
• Hard \((N = 812)\)
• Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
• Not very hard \((N = 4073)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	22.40	< .001
Somewhat hard	9.01	.003
Hard	2.27	.132
Very hard	4.29	.038

West

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	3.29	.070
Somewhat hard	0.79	.374
Hard	0.89	.345
Very hard	9.73	.002

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	9.11	.003
Somewhat hard	4.78	.029
Hard	0.47	.494
Very hard	1.29	.256

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	0.63	.427
Somewhat hard	0.26	.608
Hard	4.40	.036
Very hard	3.58	.059

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	50.07	< .001
Somewhat hard	18.62	< .001
Hard	5.41	.020
Very hard	10.82	.001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	65.19	< .001
Somewhat hard	20.18	< .001
Hard	19.97	< .001
Very hard	5.52	.019

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	888.90	< .001
Somewhat hard	169.59	< .001
Hard	248.14	< .001
Very hard	269.08	< .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	990.74	< .001
Somewhat hard	200.34	< .001
Hard	263.68	< .001
Very hard	336.46	< .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	915.10	< .001
Somewhat hard	182.90	< .001
Hard	261.46	< .001
Very hard	270.44	< .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	921.31	< .001
Somewhat hard	180.07	< .001
Hard	264.24	< .001
Very hard	272.65	< .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	921.31	< .001
Somewhat hard	180.07	< .001
Hard	264.24	< .001
Very hard	272.65	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-10.23	-11.52	-8.94	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-17.06	-18.85	-15.27	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-25.56	-27.72	-23.41	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.83	-8.78	-4.88	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-15.33	-17.62	-13.04	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-8.51	-11.11	-5.90	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.71	-8.45	-2.98	< .001
Hard	-4.80	-9.90	0.29	.065
Somewhat hard	-8.14	-11.51	-4.76	< .001
Very hard	-6.96	-13.16	-0.77	.056

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.53	-3.49	0.43	.251
Hard	-1.39	-5.21	2.43	.476
Somewhat hard	-2.56	-5.20	0.07	.171
Very hard	-7.80	-12.81	-2.78	.010

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.18	-3.14	0.77	.707
Hard	1.30	-2.27	4.88	.919
Somewhat hard	0.90	-1.48	3.28	.919
Very hard	-4.06	-9.15	1.02	.471

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	5.93	2.13	9.74	.007
Hard	7.10	2.02	12.18	.013
Somewhat hard	11.38	7.12	15.63	< .001
Very hard	7.42	1.37	13.46	.017

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-8.69	-10.26	-7.13	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-14.15	-16.32	-11.99	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-16.24	-18.85	-13.64	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-5.46	-7.82	-3.10	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-7.55	-10.32	-4.78	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-2.09	-5.24	1.06	.563

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-6.02	-9.26	-2.78	.001
Hard	-6.88	-13.36	-0.40	.076
Somewhat hard	-8.74	-12.81	-4.68	< .001
Very hard	-5.91	-13.92	2.11	.149

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	1.49	-0.82	3.81	.619
Hard	0.48	-4.41	5.37	.855
Somewhat hard	-1.29	-4.47	1.89	.855
Very hard	-5.39	-11.95	1.16	.430

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.36	0.03	4.68	.187
Hard	-0.72	-5.33	3.90	> .999
Somewhat hard	-1.99	-4.85	0.86	.514
Very hard	-1.87	-8.42	4.68	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	13.20	8.72	17.69	< .001
Hard	12.05	5.56	18.53	.001
Somewhat hard	18.47	13.38	23.55	< .001
Very hard	10.98	3.18	18.79	.006

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.46	-10.66	-8.27	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-15.63	-17.29	-13.97	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-20.91	-22.91	-18.91	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.16	-7.97	-4.35	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-11.45	-13.57	-9.32	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-5.29	-7.70	-2.87	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.92	-8.42	-3.43	< .001
Hard	-5.86	-10.71	-1.01	.036
Somewhat hard	-8.44	-11.58	-5.29	< .001
Very hard	-6.44	-12.32	-0.56	.036

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.01	-1.80	1.78	> .999
Hard	-0.39	-4.03	3.26	> .999
Somewhat hard	-1.92	-4.39	0.54	.378
Very hard	-6.55	-11.32	-1.78	.029

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.55	-1.23	2.34	> .999
Hard	0.24	-3.17	3.66	> .999
Somewhat hard	-0.54	-2.76	1.67	> .999
Very hard	-2.96	-7.77	1.85	.916

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	9.57	6.10	13.04	< .001
Hard	9.48	4.66	14.30	< .001
Somewhat hard	14.92	10.99	18.86	< .001
Very hard	9.19	3.47	14.91	.002

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Food \((N = 1604)\)
• Housing \((N = 1708)\)
• Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
• Healthcare \((N = 755)\)
• Social \((N = 752)\)
• Emotional \((N = 825)\)
• Childcare \((N = 683)\)
• Other \((N = 211)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	3.51	.061
House	7.04	.008
Utilities	22.43	< .001
Healthcare	16.52	< .001
Social	0.72	.398
Emotional	0.43	.511
Childcare	4.38	.036
Other	0.27	.600

West

key	statistic	p.value
Food	0.87	.350
House	0.05	.819
Utilities	12.46	< .001
Healthcare	0.65	.419
Social	0.36	.547
Emotional	0.11	.735
Childcare	0.04	.846
Other	0.50	.479

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Food	8.73	.003
House	2.49	.114
Utilities	2.49	.114
Healthcare	20.35	< .001
Social	0.28	.598
Emotional	1.85	.174
Childcare	4.47	.034
Other	0.00	> .999

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Food	2.00	.158
House	1.77	.184
Utilities	0.06	.803
Healthcare	0.02	.881
Social	0.62	.432
Emotional	0.62	.432
Childcare	0.06	.811
Other	0.00	> .999

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	17.28	< .001
House	16.93	< .001
Utilities	23.76	< .001
Healthcare	0.08	.771
Social	0.81	.369
Emotional	0.24	.625
Childcare	22.38	< .001
Other	0.67	.414

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	29.17	< .001
House	51.98	< .001
Utilities	41.81	< .001
Healthcare	5.94	.015
Social	0.40	.526
Emotional	0.04	.833
Childcare	0.47	.493
Other	0.00	> .999

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Food	270.06	< .001
House	413.46	< .001
Utilities	748.22	< .001
Healthcare	4.58	.032
Social	150.15	< .001
Emotional	183.35	< .001
Childcare	37.61	< .001
Other	69.20	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Food	314.94	< .001
House	501.72	< .001
Utilities	851.31	< .001
Healthcare	28.94	< .001
Social	167.72	< .001
Emotional	208.77	< .001
Childcare	37.34	< .001
Other	77.66	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	287.54	< .001
House	422.51	< .001
Utilities	769.75	< .001
Healthcare	8.51	.037
Social	165.97	< .001
Emotional	192.03	< .001
Childcare	57.17	< .001
Other	71.15	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	290.03	< .001
House	439.09	< .001
Utilities	765.83	< .001
Healthcare	12.72	.005
Social	159.75	< .001
Emotional	200.22	< .001
Childcare	41.37	< .001
Other	71.84	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	279.86	< .001
House	426.40	< .001
Utilities	758.39	< .001
Healthcare	21.84	< .001
Social	162.96	< .001
Emotional	187.18	< .001
Childcare	41.91	< .001
Other	73.14	< .001

Related to well-being

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

• 0 \((N = 4156)\)
• 1 \((N = 676)\)
• 2 \((N = 922)\)
• 3 \((N = 765)\)
• 4 \((N = 420)\)
• 5 \((N = 223)\)
• 6 \((N = 110)\)
• 7 \((N = 51)\)
• 8 \((N = 4)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	22.08	< .001
1	0.81	.369
2	12.52	< .001
3	2.72	.099
4	1.42	.233
5	0.67	.413
6	2.14	.144

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	3.86	.050
1	0.01	.909
2	5.70	.017
3	0.09	.758
4	0.03	.868
5	0.33	.568
6	1.43	.232

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	8.99	.003
1	0.00	.970
2	0.36	.548
3	4.19	.041
4	3.12	.077
5	0.07	.794
6	0.59	.443

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.38	.538
1	0.59	.442
2	0.83	.363
3	0.05	.821
4	0.00	> .999
5	0.31	.579
6	0.07	.798

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	47.63	< .001
1	23.79	< .001
2	13.28	< .001
3	2.38	.123
4	1.72	.190
5	0.39	.530
6	0.24	.628

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	63.50	< .001
1	20.79	< .001
2	17.06	< .001
3	3.93	.048
4	0.19	.661
5	1.41	.234
6	3.42	.064

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	862.47	< .001
1	116.83	< .001
2	175.12	< .001
3	127.10	< .001
4	62.88	< .001
5	38.41	< .001
6	22.51	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	967.98	< .001
1	129.75	< .001
2	206.10	< .001
3	144.97	< .001
4	69.97	< .001
5	45.07	< .001
6	33.19	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	889.06	< .001
1	125.68	< .001
2	181.53	< .001
3	135.78	< .001
4	65.29	< .001
5	48.38	< .001
6	24.67	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.169
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	893.28	< .001
1	127.43	< .001
2	185.11	< .001
3	129.03	< .001
4	65.61	< .001
5	44.95	< .001
6	26.31	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.455
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	893.28	< .001
1	127.43	< .001
2	185.11	< .001
3	129.03	< .001
4	65.61	< .001
5	44.95	< .001
6	26.31	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
5.11	4.77	5.44	< .001

Related to child well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.11	3.71	4.51	< .001

Related to family well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.61	4.3	4.92	< .001

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	22.08	< .001
1+	22.08	< .001

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	3.86	.050
1+	3.86	.050

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	8.99	.003
1+	8.99	.003

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.38	.538
1+	0.38	.538

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	47.63	< .001
1+	47.63	< .001

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	63.5	< .001
1+	63.5	< .001

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	862.47	< .001
1+	862.47	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	967.98	< .001
1+	967.98	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	889.06	< .001
1+	889.06	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.891
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	893.28	< .001
1+	893.28	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.315
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	893.28	< .001
1+	893.28	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-14.81	-15.92	-13.7	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.67	-8.36	-2.98	< .001
1+	-6.90	-9.56	-4.25	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-1.7	-3.64	0.23	.084
1+	-2.9	-4.96	-0.84	.012

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-1.32	-3.24	0.59	.176
1+	2.40	0.52	4.28	.025

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	6.31	2.58	10.04	.001
1+	10.74	7.79	13.68	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-11.51	-12.84	-10.18	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-6.00	-9.19	-2.82	< .001
1+	-7.71	-10.94	-4.48	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	1.14	-1.15	3.42	.659
1+	-1.10	-3.62	1.41	.659

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	2.06	-0.22	4.34	.152
1+	-0.11	-2.41	2.19	.926

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	13.15	8.75	17.55	< .001
1+	15.69	12.11	19.26	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-13.17	-14.19	-12.14	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.89	-8.35	-3.44	< .001
1+	-7.31	-9.79	-4.83	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-0.28	-2.05	1.48	.753
1+	-1.96	-3.89	-0.04	.092

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.34	-1.42	2.09	.706
1+	1.14	-0.62	2.90	.408

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	9.73	6.33	13.13	< .001
1+	13.18	10.45	15.92	< .001